Cognitive Psychology Mind And Brain DownloadsCognitive Psychology Mind And Brain DownloadingAll the psychology you need to know and just enough to make you dangerous. Your cognitive capacity is significantly reduced when your smartphone is within reach — even if it’s off — suggests new research. Highlighting major new developments in the field, this updated edition of Discovering Psychology offers high school and college students, and teachers of psychology. Cognitive Training . Cognitive training game cannot be played with a touchpad, because your reaction is way slower than a mouse when using a touchpad. So if you have a laptop you might get a mouse to play this game. Instruction for cognitive training. When playing try not to focus a lot on where the ball is but try to predict where it may end up instead. That's the fun of the game and that's how your cognitive skills are put to the test. You can also click on the animated image below to start the game. This exercise is a lot of fun and simple but can help your mind improve the prediction skills, as well as mind reflection, a good player would be someone who predicts well where the exact spot hat the ball would hit and therefore have a fast reaction to be in the right spot. Cognitive training game cannot be played with a touchpad, because your reaction is way slower than a mouse when using a touchpad. So if you have a laptop you might get a mouse to play this game., a good score is 2 points higher than your opponent which is the computer or if you score higher than the computer such as 1. When playing try not to focus a lot on where the ball is but try to predict where it may end up instead. That's the fun of the game and that's how your mind will benefit from this training. The Cognitive Benefits of Being Bilingual. Today, more of the world’s population is bilingual or multilingual than monolingual. In addition to facilitating cross- cultural communication, this trend also positively affects cognitive abilities. Researchers have shown that the bilingual brain can have better attention and task- switching capacities than the monolingual brain, thanks to its developed ability to inhibit one language while using another. In addition, bilingualism has positive effects at both ends of the age spectrum: Bilingual children as young as seven months can better adjust to environmental changes, while bilingual seniors can experience less cognitive decline. We are surrounded by language during nearly every waking moment of our lives. We use language to communicate our thoughts and feelings, to connect with others and identify with our culture, and to understand the world around us. And for many people, this rich linguistic environment involves not just one language but two or more. In fact, the majority of the world’s population is bilingual or multilingual. In a survey conducted by the European Commission in 2. In many countries that percentage is even higher—for instance, 9. Luxembourgers and 9. Latvians speak more than one language. Even in the United States, which is widely considered to be monolingual, one- fifth of those over the age of five reported speaking a language other than English at home in 2. Millions of Americans use a language other than English in their everyday lives outside of the home, when they are at work or in the classroom. Europe and the United States are not alone, either. The Associated Press reports that up to 6. Over the past few decades, technological advances have allowed researchers to peer deeper into the brain to investigate how bilingualism interacts with and changes the cognitive and neurological systems. Cognitive Consequences of Bilingualism. Research has overwhelmingly shown that when a bilingual person uses one language, the other is active at the same time. When a person hears a word, he or she doesn’t hear the entire word all at once: the sounds arrive in sequential order. Long before the word is finished, the brain’s language system begins to guess what that word might be by activating lots of words that match the signal. If you hear “can,” you will likely activate words like “candy” and “candle” as well, at least during the earlier stages of word recognition. For bilingual people, this activation is not limited to a single language; auditory input activates corresponding words regardless of the language to which they belong. Some of the most compelling evidence for language co- activation comes from studying eye movements. We tend to look at things that we are thinking, talking, or hearing about. A Russian- English bilingual person asked to “pick up a marker” from a set of objects would look more at a stamp than someone who doesn’t know Russian, because the Russian word for “stamp,” “marka,” sounds like the English word he or she heard, “marker.”4 In cases like this, language co- activation occurs because what the listener hears could map onto words in either language. Furthermore, language co- activation is so automatic that people consider words in both languages even without overt similarity. For example, when Chinese- English bilingual people judge how alike two English words are in meaning, their brain responses are affected by whether or not the Chinese translations of those words are written similarly. Even though the task does not require the bilingual people to engage their Chinese, they do so anyway. Having to deal with this persistent linguistic competition can result in language difficulties. For instance, knowing more than one language can cause speakers to name pictures more slowly. As a result, the constant juggling of two languages creates a need to control how much a person accesses a language at any given time. From a communicative standpoint, this is an important skill— understanding a message in one language can be difficult if your other language always interferes. Likewise, if a bilingual person frequently switches between languages when speaking, it can confuse the listener, especially if that listener knows only one of the speaker’s languages. To maintain the relative balance between two languages, the bilingual brain relies on executive functions, a regulatory system of general cognitive abilities that includes processes such as attention and inhibition. Because both of a bilingual person’s language systems are always active and competing, that person uses these control mechanisms every time she or he speaks or listens. This constant practice strengthens the control mechanisms and changes the associated brain regions. Bilingual people often perform better on tasks that require conflict management. In the classic Stroop task, people see a word and are asked to name the color of the word’s font. When the color and the word match (i. This occurs because the word itself (“red”) and its font color (blue) conflict. The cognitive system must employ additional resources to ignore the irrelevant word and focus on the relevant color. The ability to ignore competing perceptual information and focus on the relevant aspects of the input is called inhibitory control. Bilingual people often perform better than monolingual people at tasks that tap into inhibitory control ability. Bilingual people are also better than monolingual people at switching between two tasks; for example, when bilinguals have to switch from categorizing objects by color (red or green) to categorizing them by shape (circle or triangle), they do so more rapidly than monolingual people,1. Changes in Neurological Processing and Structure. Studies suggest that bilingual advantages in executive function are not limited to the brain’s language networks. Researchers have used brain imaging techniques like functional magnetic resonance imaging (f. MRI) to investigate which brain regions are active when bilingual people perform tasks in which they are forced to alternate between their two languages. For instance, when bilingual people have to switch between naming pictures in Spanish and naming them in English, they show increased activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), a brain region associated with cognitive skills like attention and inhibition. Along with the DLPFC, language switching has been found to involve such structures as the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), bilateral supermarginal gyri, and left inferior frontal gyrus (left- IFG), regions that are also involved in cognitive control. The left- IFG in particular, often considered the language production center of the brain, appears to be involved in both linguistic. The neurological roots of the bilingual advantage extend to subcortical brain areas more traditionally associated with sensory processing. When monolingual and bilingual adolescents listen to simple speech sounds (e. When researchers play the same sound to both groups in the presence of background noise, the bilingual listeners’ neural response is considerably larger, reflecting better encoding of the sound’s fundamental frequency,1. To put it another way, in bilingual people, blood flow (a marker for neuronal activity) is greater in the brain stem in response to the sound. Intriguingly, this boost in sound encoding appears to be related to advantages in auditory attention. The cognitive control required to manage multiple languages appears to have broad effects on neurological function, fine- tuning both cognitive control mechanisms and sensory processes. Beyond differences in neuronal activation, bilingualism seems to affect the brain’s structure as well. Higher proficiency in a second language, as well as earlier acquisition of that language, correlates with higher gray matter volume in the left inferior parietal cortex. Researchers have associated damage to this area with uncontrolled language switching,1. Likewise, researchers have found white matter volume changes in bilingual children. It appears that bilingual experience not only changes the way neurological structures process information, but also may alter the neurological structures themselves. Improvements in Learning. Being bilingual can have tangible practical benefits. The improvements in cognitive and sensory processing driven by bilingual experience may help a bilingual person to better process information in the environment, leading to a clearer signal for learning. This kind of improved attention to detail may help explain why bilingual adults learn a third language better than monolingual adults learn a second language. The bilingual language- learning advantage may be rooted in the ability to focus on information about the new language while reducing interference from the languages they already know. This ability would allow bilingual people to more easily access newly learned words, leading to larger gains in vocabulary than those experienced by monolingual people who aren’t as skilled at inhibiting competing information. Furthermore, the benefits associated with bilingual experience seem to start quite early—researchers have shown bilingualism to positively influence attention and conflict management in infants as young as seven months. In one study, researchers taught babies growing up in monolingual or bilingual homes that when they heard a tinkling sound, a puppet appeared on one side of a screen. Halfway through the study, the puppet began appearing on the opposite side of the screen. In order to get a reward, the infants had to adjust the rule they’d learned; only the bilingual babies were able to successfully learn the new rule. This suggests that even for very young children, navigating a multilingual environment imparts advantages that transfer beyond language. Protecting Against Age- Related Decline. The cognitive and neurological benefits of bilingualism also extend into older adulthood.
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